Saturday, May 9, 2020
Is There Racism Within a Race (Reaction to Wife of His...
Racism has been a very prominent issue most commonly between black and white people. Although it is the most known, it is not the only example of race discrimination. It occurs among other ethnicities and backgrounds of people also. Sometimes race can occur because of peopleââ¬â¢s views on things, such as religion, age, or even gender. In ââ¬Å"The Wife of His Youthâ⬠racism and some forms of discrimination are present in the story, but surprisingly it isnââ¬â¢t one race against another. It is black on black racism, or more specifically the mulattos, having light skinned complexion, and the darker skinned blacks. In ââ¬Å"The Wife of His Youth,â⬠there is an organization by the name of the Blue Veins who is supposed to be a society of ââ¬Å"coloredâ⬠people. ââ¬Å"Itsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In the story, it is said ââ¬Å"she looked like a bit of the old plantation life summoned up from the pasty by the wave of a magicianââ¬â¢s wand.â⬠(The Wif e of His Youth 627) When he first considers not accepting her, it is because of her the way she looks and more specifically, her skin tone. That itself is an example of racism against your own race. It seems that mulattos were blessed and cursed. They were blessed because they could blend in easier with white society, but at the same time they had to decide was it worth turning their backs of the people of darker complexion who would already accept them as they are. ââ¬Å"The Wife of His Youthâ⬠showed that racism could exist in other ways. In this case, it showed that there was racism and some discrimination against oneââ¬â¢s own race. The story depicted these images through the Blue Vein Society and some inner conflicts of Mr. Ryder. The Blue Veins having only mulattos in their group, and Mr. Ryder having to deal with his past. Racism still exists today, but it is not so out in the open. It comes in forms of one race against another, same race, religion, gender, and many other issues. Works Cited Chestnutt, Charles W. The Wife of His Youth. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry L. Gates and Nellie Y. McKay. 2nd ed. New York.Show MoreRelatedThe Sixties: A Decade of Rebellion Essay1630 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americansâ⬠(Kennedy 916). With these words, John F. Kennedy in his inaugural address in 1961 described the 1960ââ¬â¢s decade. This era in American history encapsulated a belief in the power of young people to change the world, a desire to help others globally and accept their differences, and a war that would eventually destroy all that America stood for. It was a time for newRead MoreMaster Harold and the Boys Critical Analysis1653 Words à |à 7 Pagescomplex of racial hierarchies and interracial friendships that existed in South Africa in the mid-20th century. Set in 1950 the play follows the everyday live s of its two main protagonists: Hally, a white, seventeen year old male discontented with his schooling, and Sam, a middle-aged, black servant of Hallyââ¬â¢s family. 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In the 1600s, Maryland banned interracial relationships between whites and slaves due to the questions over whetherRead MoreThe View of Society on Interracial Marriage Essay2801 Words à |à 12 Pages Just three decades ago, Thurgood Marshall was only months away from appoint- ment to the Supreme Court when he suffered an indignity that today seems not just outrageous but almost incomprehensible. He and his wife had found their dream house in a Virginia suburb of Washington, D.C., but could not lawfully live together in that state: he was black and she was Asian. Fortunately for the Marshalls, in January 1967 the Supreme Court struck down the anti-interracial-marriageRead MoreComparing Bram Stokerââ¬â¢s Dracula and the 1972 Film Blacula Essay1917 Words à |à 8 Pagesthe novel, each developing a unique analysis or criticism of the literary text within the framework of the society and time period in which it was created. 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They argue that strong structural similarities can be seen in following: The organization of power and authority in the school and in the workplace The students lack of control of curriculum and the workers lack of control of the content of his or her job The role of grades and other rewards in school and the role of wages in the workplace as extrinsic motivational systems Competition among students and the specialization of academic subjects and competition among workers and the fragmentedRead MoreEssay Life and Work of Martin Luther King Jr.2061 Words à |à 9 Pageswith a strong religious background. A strong advocator for all minorities, King did all in his power to end barriers of community; poverty, racism and militarism. The principle he focused more on, however, was racism. King defined racism as prejudice, apartheid, ethnic conflict, anti-Semitism, sexism, colonialism, homophobia, ageism, or discrimination against disabled groups and stereotypes. Later turning his efforts to poverty, King believed that the United States should have equal rights for allRead More A Marxist Reading of Native Son Essay4809 Words à |à 20 Pagesarrival of Richard Wright, his 1940 novel, Native Son, with its main character, Bigger Thomas, or the frustrated urban youths whom Bigger was patterned after, they did know their own needs. They also understood the imp ortance of being free to attain those needs. Years later, Abraham Maslow agreed with the forefathers and gave the theory of needs a name. In 1943, psychologist Abraham Maslow developed a theory of basic human needs: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. His theory suggests that embeddedRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words à |à 59 PagesMusic Resource Center was founded in 1985 as the result of the unusually combined efforts of a few concerned parents (Coletti 1987:421-426; Gray 1989a:151-153, 1989b:6-8; Kaufman 1986:228-231; McDonald 1988a:302-106; Roldan 1987:222-231). 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 Reflection Paper Free Essays
A few weeks ago, the country was shocked due to the sudden implementation of RA 1015 or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. I seldom watch the news but I found out about the law after my mom warned me to be careful of what I post online. I was surprised because my mom has never told me that before. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012: Reflection Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I figured it wasnââ¬â¢t much of a big deal so I shrugged off my momââ¬â¢s warning. However, as the news about the bill began to spread, a lot of people started to express their opposition to the newly-implemented law. I began to realize that this act was actually a really big deal. I was astounded after reading some explanations as to why the bill shouldnââ¬â¢t be implemented. Why would the government pass a law that hampers democracy? How come only one senator noticed the flaws and loopholes of the bill? I saw a post as to why Senator TG Guingona opposed the said law. First of all, the provisions in the law are vague and unclear. Virtually anyone can be liable and be charged with crime. Second, the punishment is too grave and unfair. A 12-year sentence? Thatââ¬â¢s too much. Third, itââ¬â¢s oppressive. You can be charged with two counts of libel, one under the Revised Penal Code and the second under the Cybercrime Prevention Act. As a student, this law gravely affects me. We all know that many adolescents are very active on the internet. Iââ¬â¢m an active netizen as well and because some of the provisions on the law are vague and unclear, I could be charged with crime, even if I just retweet, like or share posts containing criticisms. Second, isnââ¬â¢t a basic human right to be able to express oneââ¬â¢s self freely? The Philippines is a democratic country and this law simply curtails freedom of expression. However, the Cybercrime Prevention Act is not all that bad. Itââ¬â¢s actually good that we finally have a law that aims to prevent cyber crime in the country. After several cases of unsolved internet crimes (resulting to online criminals not being penalized for their crimes), itââ¬â¢s about time that we have a law for this issue. Its objective is to protect netizens from becoming victims of online crimes but because of certain provisions, the bill becomes an obstacle for freedom of speech. Another good thing about the bill is the establishment of a Cybercrime Investigation and Coordination Center. It will enable qualified officials to go after people who commit online crimes and file a case against them. The opposing views of the act are those against it and those who are in favor of the bill. There are also those who believe that we need this law but donââ¬â¢t agree on certain provisions stated in the law. Yes, we do need a Cybercrime Prevention Law but the problem with this bill is that it lacks or is obscure in certain areas. Itââ¬â¢s not perfect and it needs to be improved. It may even be subject to misunderstanding and abuse due to the vagueness of the provisions. If I had the power to reconcile these opposing views, I would first hear out everyoneââ¬â¢s perspective regarding this bill. This would allow me to know what necessary changes should be made to the law. The bottom line is, the bill needs to be revised. A law has to be clear and specific before it is passed and implemented. The only way to fix this issue is to improve and make the law better. Certain areas need to be changed and the changes to be made must be acceptable for all, especially the citizens. We cannot deny that the internet has had a huge impact on our daily lives. It is a symbol of humankindââ¬â¢s advancement and development. It is a vast source of data and information. It has allowed people to communicate with individuals who are far away from them. It empowers people because it is an outlet and platform for us to speak our minds and express our opinions. In more ways than one, it has improved our lives and made it easier. Although it is a valuable research and learning tool, we also cannot contradict that there are individuals who exploit the freedom they have on the internet. There is a need for a Cybercrime Prevention Law because the internet can also be used to commit crimes. However, individuals should also practice being responsible of what they say and do online. Like what my professor said, itââ¬â¢s a matter of personal responsibility. Think before you post. How to cite The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012: Reflection Paper, Essay examples
Tuesday, April 28, 2020
Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical Essay Example
Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical Essay Social policy as an academic topic is both descriptive and analytical. Discuss pulling on at least three academic mentions. In this essay the writer will specify societal policy as an academic topic and show that despite the fact that societal policy draws on other academic societal scientific discipline topics it is different because it is based upon a distinguishable empirical focal point support for the wellbeing of citizens provided through societal action ( Alcock 2008:3 ) . The writer will demo how as an academic capable societal policy is both descriptive and analytical and will give illustrations. Social policy as an academic topic is hard to depict as it is both the hunt of theoretical norms on how society should act and the practical application and execution of policies, which are considered to be societal ( Alcock et al 2004:1 ) . The intent of these policies is to better public assistance and to run into human demands ( Blakemore, K. 2003:1 ) . Spicker ( 2008:1 ) defines societal policy as the survey of societal services and the public assistance province . The survey of societal policy, originally known as societal disposal chiefly pertains to societal services and includes societal security, lodging, wellness, societal work and instruction, these being described by Spicker ( 2008:1 ) as the large five . Social policy as an academic topic draws on other topics such as economic sciences, political relations, history, psychological science and sociology and has been described as a magpie topic by Blakemore ( 2003:3 ) . These other topics offer background information about the many facets required to understand and develop societal policies such as the effects of industrialization and alterations in societal conditions, population alterations, constructs of category, position and mobility. Understanding sociology gives a better apprehension of industrial dealingss, minority groups and societal control ( Titmuss 1974:15 ) . However, societal policy as an academic subject differs from these other topics because it is based on a distinguishable empirical focal point support for the wellbeing of citizens provided through societal action ( Alcock, P. 2008:3 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social policy as an academic topic has been described as the survey of policy pattern in order to lend to policy reform. It combines both descriptive and normative elements Becker ( 2008:11 ) . Carlson ( 2004:89 ) contends that the descriptive component of societal policy is usually involved in the production of categorizations to do comparing easier, or to demo the inter-relationships between instances . Harmonizing to Spicker ( 2008:2 ) Titmuss suggested that societal policy describes how policies are formulated and the effects of policies. Social policy s chief focal point is welfare and it describes people s demands or jobs such as poorness, lodging, mental unwellness or disablement ( Spicker 2008:4 ) . Social policy describes the beginning and purposes of a policy, how a policy is implemented and the consequences, either good or bad ( Spicker 2008:5 ) . Fitzpatrick ( 2001:4 ) wrote that societal disposal was concerned with the how and the what of societal policy . An i llustration of this descriptive component of societal policy in pattern can be found in a background paper on drugs and drug dependance written by Richard Hartnoll ( 2004 ) . Hartnoll discusses how many people, what type of people use drugs, the type drugs they use, bar, interventions and decrease in supply. This descriptive information contributes to turn toing policy inquiries in relation to the impact of drug usage on persons and society. Descriptions besides help to measure demands and trade with whether or non there are equal resources to cover with the job. Hartnoll concluded that although descriptions of the drug state of affairs and policies had improved in Europe, that spreads remained and much more needful to be done in analyzing policies. The survey of societal policy requires the strict linking of theoretical analysis with empirical question . Social policy demands to analyze policies, their ends and impacts and see if these policies achieve their ends, or if non, why non ( Bochel 2005:7-8 ) . Harmonizing to Carlson ( 2004:88-89 ) Best and Kellner make a comparing between societal theories and route maps, stating that in order to analyze, discuss and intervene in societal procedures we need to utilize maps to see how society is structured. Theoretical positions or belief systems, referred to as political orientations of public assistance ( George and Wilding, 1994:1 ) play an of import function in the analytical facet of societal policy. Political orientations have three chief constituents as described by Baldock et Al ( 2007:69-70 ) . The first is a position, which stresses or explains statement without giving weight to other point of views. The 2nd is the position of groups or persons who have something to de rive from an statement. The 3rd and concluding constituent of an political orientation is how it deals with more than one issue and refers to a wider set of coherent thoughts . Analysing societal policies in relation to tribades, cheery work forces and bisexuals in Ireland demo how the political orientations of the Catholic Church have in the yesteryear influenced societal policy. Sexual activity between work forces was criminalized in Ireland in 1634 and was punishable by decease. Amendments were made to this act broadening the range from sodomy to gross indecency in 1885. With the foundation of the Irish Gay Rights Movement in 1974 came the push to legalize homosexualism. David Norris took a instance to the High Court in 1977 in which he challenged his constitutional rights of privateness and equality. This instance was unsuccessful and the opinion of the High Court included mention to homosexualism been condemned in Christian instruction as being morally incorrect . The High Court besides judged that homosexualism posed harm to the establishment of matrimony. The Catholic Church s political orientations are apparent in this opinion. Norris was successful in 1988 when he took his instance to the European Court of Human Rights. Homosexuality was finally decriminalized in the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act of 1993 ( Considine, Dukelow 2009:438-443 ) . In decision the writer has defined societal policy as an academic topic and explained the differences between societal policy and other societal scientific discipline topics. The writer has explained how societal policy is descriptive and illustrated this with the illustration from Hartnoll. The writer has besides shown how societal policy is analytical and why when analyzing policies consideration must be given to the influence of political orientations as demonstrated with the illustration given from Considine and Dukelow. List of Mentions Alcock, Cliff. , Payne, Sarah. , Sullivan, Michael. ( 2004 ) Introducing Social Policy, England: Pearson Education Limited Alcock. Pete. ( 2008 ) The Subject of Social Policy , p. 3 in Alcock, Pete. , May, Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen ( explosive detection systems ) , The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Baldock, John. , ( 2007 ) Welfare, Ideology, and Social Theory in Baldock, John. , Manning, Nick. , Vickerstaff, Sarah. , ( explosive detection systems ) Social Policy 3rd erectile dysfunction, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Becker Saul. ( 2008 ) Methods and Approaches in Social Policy Research in Alcock, Peter, May. Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen. , ( explosive detection systems ) The Students Companion to Social Policy 3rd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Blakemore, Kenneth ( 2003 ) Social Policy an Introduction 2nd erectile dysfunction, Berkshire: Open University Press Bochel, Hugh ( 2005 ) Introducing Social Policy in Bochel, Hugh. , Bochel, Catherine. , Page, Robert and Sykes, Rob. , Social Policy: Issues and Developments, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Carlson, Judith ( 2004 ) Theoretical Principles and Concepts in Alcock, Cliff. , Payne, Sarah. , Sullivan, Michael. , Introducing Social Policy, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Considine, Mair A ; eacute ; ad. , Dukelow, Fiona. , ( 2009 ) Irish Social Policy, A Critical Introduction Dublin: Gill A ; Macmillan Ltd Fitzpatrick, Tony ( 2001 ) Welfare Theory: An Introduction, Campling, Jo ( adviser editor ) London: Palgrave George, Vic. , Wilding, Paul. , ( 1994 ) Welfare and Ideology Essex: Prentice Hall Europe Hartnoll, Richard ( 2004 ) Drugs and drug dependance: linking research, policy and pattern, background paper for Pompidou Group s Strategic Conference on linking research, policy and pattern, Strasbourg. Germany: Koelblin-Fortuna-Druck Lavalette, Michael. , Pratt, Alan. , ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1998 ) Social Policy A Conceptual and Theoretical Introduction, London: Sage Publications Inc Spicker, Paul ( 2008 ) Social Policy Themes and Approaches 2nd erectile dysfunction, Bristol: The Policy Press Titmuss, Richard. ( 1974 ) The International Perspective , in Abel-Smith, Brian and Titmuss, Kay ( explosive detection systems ) , Social Policy an Introduction, London: Unwin Hyman Ltd
Friday, March 20, 2020
Out Foxed By Fox essays
Out Foxed By Fox essays Three-fourths of the worlds population gets its news in print, on television, or by radio from News Corp. Ltd., according to Outfoxed, the latest film that spotlights corrupt conservatives with corporate power. Like Fahrenheit 911,this film gives viewers another glimpse at the well-oiled Bush administration machine, with friends and family conveniently employed within the news industry. While journalism and news reporting have been industries where facts and balanced, unbiased representation were expected, footage of the Fox station and sister stations shows the standards being abandoned. Anchors give opinions, and make fun of their guests. Bill OReilly tells his guests to shut up, and counts down to the re-election day of George W. Bush. In the latest documentary encouraging public awareness, Outfoxed director Robert Greenwald takes us behind the scenes to show that the "news" we are getting is often right-wing propaganda. "Fair and balanced news" may be the Fox tag line but disguised ex-employee interviews and excerpts from station broadcasts say something else. Brain-washing. Done in such a way it goes unnoticed by the average consumer. Digitally distorted voices of former Fox reporters describe White House aides calling news and radio stations with daily agendas. Then politically charged memos tell journalists what they are to report. According to the film, many of the reports are full of false information. Ive never heard of any other network nor any other legitimate news organization doing that, newspaper or broadcast, said Walter Cronkite. They also like to call names. As a two minute montage of Fox news anchors calling John Kerry a flip-flopper are played, it is easy to see the effectiveness of the Fox techniques. You wonder how a channel can get away with it, and how it started. Outfoxed tells us how. ...
Tuesday, March 3, 2020
How to Create a Mad Scientist Costume
How to Create a Mad Scientist Costume A mad scientist costume is great for Halloween, inspiring images of how science can run amock, creating horrific monstrosities. Here are tips on how to create a great mad scientist costume: Hair ... or not The decision on what sort of hair to have is an important one. You can go with wild hair (such as Albert Einstein and Doc Brown from the Back to the Future movies) or bald, the Lex Luthor route. If going for wild hair, there are inexpensive wigs available in most costume shops. Alternately, you can create your own with a bald cap by gluing fabric hair (from local fabric or craft stores) onto it - perhaps different colored hair. Or, if your hair is long enough, you can use styling gel and unusual hair colorings to get the desired effect. A bald cap (especially nice for female mad scientists) will also do. To really complete the look, you may want to use some fake skin to cover up your eyebrows. This will create an effect that youve lost all your hair due to the bizarre potions youve tested on yourself. A middle approach between the two is to glue chunks of fabric hair onto the bald cap, so that it looks like your hair is falling out in chunks. Again, using hair with strange colors might be useful. Other Headgear Some sort of eyewear is generally a good idea. Find an old pair of glasses with bulky frames, perhaps from a thrift store, and pop out the lenses. You might want to decorate them by gluing or taping object to them, like bottlecaps, beads, etc. Tape (duct tape) or Band-Aids can be used to make the glasses look like theyve been broken and mended. Goggles are also a nice alternative. A goattee is a nice addition for a mad scientist. If you cant or dont want to grow your own, you can glue some fur into your chin. Try to frame it into a sharp point, perhaps using a bent paperclip or piece of cardboard as a frame to mount it on. Lab Coat The lab coat is, of course, the crucial element of the mad scientist costume. This is what translates the costume from random weirdo to mad scientist. Around Halloween, lab coats are pretty easy to find anywhere costumes are sold. You can also get actual lab coats at medical supply stores, thrift stores, and the like. If you have trouble finding one, you can contact your local hospital to find out where they are sold locally. Personally, the best lab coat Ive ever seen is the Mad Scientists Union Local #3.14. I didnt buy it online, so I cant attest to this vendor, but the lab coat is very cool. You can also decorate the labcoat with pins, stickers, stencils, decals, rips, scorch marks, food spills, equations, and the like ... whatever you feel comfortable with based on the cost of the lab coat. Pants - The Easy Part Generally, dark pants or a dark skirt will work to finish the outfit. A goofy pair of shoes, such as bowling shoes, would do well to complete the outfit. Final Accessories A pocket protector (try office supply stores) is a perfect addition to the costume. Fill it up with as many pens and pencils as you can. Throw in a compass, ruler, spiral notepad, and calculator if you can. Heck, carry around an abacus if you can find one. Another nice accessory would be a beaker filled with strange-colored liquid. Exotic colors of punch (i.e. Kool-Aid) can create this. Add some dry ice so smoke will drift off of it. Note: If you do have a potion with dry ice in it, do not drink. A flourescent stick, like what you get at the circus, can be inserted to make it glow ... and is great for stirring up your concoction. Some Last Comments The unbridled wackiness is the best part of the mad scientist costume. Be funny and nuts, and youll pull it off. Anything you can think of to add to the costumes eccentricity is a plus. Try to go as cheap as you can, since you may want to make a real mess of the costume to create the right mood. Old pants, tattered lab coats, funny shoes, out of style glasses ... thrift stores are the perfect place to get components for the mad scientist costume. Mad Scientist Sidekick Costumes Robot costumeBride of Frankenstein costumeCousin It costumeFrank-Einstein costumeGeeky Science Nerd costumeGhostbuster costume
Sunday, February 16, 2020
Journaling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Journaling - Essay Example We encountered a case of a staff who entered an isolation room without proper equipment. This case enabled us to carry out reinforcement and re-education for all staff to ensure they understood the importance of complying with the infection compliance policy. At the end of the week, analysis showed that there was reduced isolation in the second week doing rounds and feedback sent to relevant heads. This weekââ¬â¢s objective was to ensure that proper plans were implemented to improve care of delivery. We encountered a case of a minor being left in the inpatient units for about half an hour and immediately alerted the parents of the minor and handed them with a print out of the policy that prohibited such minors in the wards. According to Zaccagnini & White (2011), this is to ensure hospital acquired infections are avoided. It was my final week for my practicum experience, two infection control staff that I was working with evaluated me, and the results were impressive. Later in the final day, I also met with my preceptor and showed my appreciation for the assistance throughout the four
Sunday, February 2, 2020
Mergers and acquisitions as a response to the deregulation of the Essay
Mergers and acquisitions as a response to the deregulation of the electric power industry - Essay Example Mergers and acquisitions are such modes of growth. Mergers occur when two firms of equal standing concur to combine their operations under one shareholder group; acquisition is when one firm outrightly purchases another and becomes its majority shareholder. As to whether they combine operations or not and the manner they choose to do so are a matter of strategic determination, but it does not detract from the fact of the merger or acquisition as a matter of ownership (Daniel & Metcalf, 2001, p. 216). This report examines the fundamental theories behind mergers and acquisitions and gives a cursory examine of one such undertaking. Motives for firms to enter into mergers or acquisitions: (1) To improve efficiencies by reducing production costs, increasing output, improving product quality, obtaining new technologies, or providing entirely new products. A merger or acquisition may explore both operating and managerial efficiencies. Operating efficiencies come from economies of scale, production and/or consumption economies of scope, enhanced resource allocation, shift to a less costly technology or asset configuration, or acquisition of better skills, use of grand name capital, and so forth (Pautler, 2003, p.122). (2) To explore financial and tax benefits by diversifying the firmsââ¬â¢ earnings with dissimilar earnings streams to lessen earnings variation. Depending upon regulations, tax benefits may be realized, as in situations where the law allows offsetting the acquiring firmââ¬â¢s taxable income with the acquired firmââ¬â¢s net operating losses to reduce future taxes (Pautler, 2003, p. 122) (3) To increase market power to the advantage of the merging fir ms. Where the merging firms each command a significantly sizeable part of the market, then their merger may well trigger a spate of other mergers by the competing firms, which result in virtual monopolies or oligopolies. These so-called ââ¬Å"merger wavesâ⬠were evident in three periods: the successive mergers in the 1887-1904 wave which were viewed by George Stigler as ââ¬Å"mergers for monopoly,â⬠the 1916-1929 wave he called ââ¬Å"mergers for oligopoly,â⬠and the 1968-1974 wave which Matsusaka termed the ââ¬Å"conglomerate merger waveâ⬠(Stigler, 1950, and Matsusaka, 1993, both cited in Pautler, 2003, p. 125). After the passage of the antimerger legislation in the U.S. in 1950, preventing the merger of competitors with significant market shares, such mergers were allowed only after review and approval by U.S. antitrust and other regulatory agencies. In the UK, a similar merger wave was seen between 1948 and 1961, when 735 public companies were taken over b y other public companies, with two to three hundred other unsuccessful bids during the period, which Kuehn (1969) attributed to the effect of the valuation ratio as a constraint on the managerial utility function (p. 133). (4) Because of management greed, self-aggrandizement or hubris. A study conducted by Morck, Shleifer & Vishny (1990) showed that managerial incentives may account for merger activity that eventually erode the firmââ¬â¢s long-term value. Badly considered mergers may result in over-diversification, an ill-considered pursuit of growth, or merely bad acquisition decision. Oftentimes, the poor quality of the decision is not evident at the time it was made, and only becomes apparent afterwards. Matsusaka found that in the conglomerate merge
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